Kusankha Zinthu Zoyenera Kudulira Kuti Zikhale Zokwera-Kutentha Kwambiri

1. Mawu Oyamba

M'madera ovuta kwambiri, -zachuma chamakono, sayansi ya zipangizo zamakono, kupanga magalasi apadera, kuyika ndalama mwanzeru, ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala okwera-otentha kwambiri, ndi zida zochepa zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, kapena zomwe zimalangidwa kwambiri, monga momwe amapangira mafakitale. Pokhala ngati chotengera choyambirira, chofunikira kwambiri chosungiramo zitsulo zosungunuka, mchere wosungunula wosungunuka, kutentha kwambiri, ndi ultra-pamwamba-kusungunuka koyera kwa ceramic, crucible imayenera kupirira kutentha kwa kutentha kopitilira 1500 degrees Celsius ndikusunga nthawi imodzimodzi, kusamalidwa bwino. inertness mokakamizidwa. Kusankha zinthu zoyenera crucible ndondomeko yeniyeni matenthedwe si ntchito yaing'ono zomangamanga; Kusankhira bwino zinthu kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe kake, kuwonongeka kwachitsulo chosungunuka, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ng'anjo, ndi kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kwa batch komwe kumawononga nthawi yomweyo ntchito yonse yopanga mafakitale.

Pamene njira zamakono zamafakitale zikupitilira kulowera kumtunda wamafuta, zofunikira zolimba za kuyeretsa kwamankhwala, komanso kuchulukirachulukira kwa aloyi aloyi, kudziwa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya media zomwe zilipo kwakhala kofunika kwambiri kwa akatswiri a metallurgists ndi akatswiri opanga ma process. Chilichonse cha crucible chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera, apadera kwambiri amafuta, amakina, ndi makemikolo omwe amawonetsa kukwanira kwake pakupanga zinthu zina. Kaya mainjiniya akusungunula zitsulo zamtengo wapatali m'kanyumba kakang'ono kamisiri, kupanga -mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri opangira ma turbine turbine mlengalenga, kapena kukula -magalasi a safiro a safiro mung'anjo yapadera, kusankha kwa crucible kumapangitsa kuti zinthu ziyende bwino kapena kulephera kwa ndalama zambiri. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene zingasankhidwe, magulu akuluakulu a zinthu, njira zabwino zogwirira ntchito, ndi makampani-mapulogalamu enaake omwe amatsogolera akatswiri posankha njira yoyenera yopangira-ntchito zotentha kwambiri.

2. Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Posankha Zida Zowonongeka

Thermal Properties ndi Thermal Shock Resistance

Chofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika-kutentha kulikonse ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Chophimba choyenera chiyenera kukhala ndi malo osungunuka ndi kufewetsa poyambira kwambiri kuposa kutentha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwachitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chili mkati mwake. Komabe, kukhala ndi malo osungunuka okha sikokwanira kumadera omwe amafunikira mafakitale. Thermal shock resistance-atanthauzidwa ngati kuthekera kwa chinthu kupirira kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kofulumira popanda kusweka, kusweka, kapena kusweka koopsa-ndikofunikiranso chimodzimodzi. Chiwombankhanga chozizira chikaponyedwa mwadzidzidzi m'ng'anjo yoyaka moto kapena ng'anjo yolimbana nayo, kapena zinthu zosungunuka zikatsanulidwa mkati mwake kapena kutulukamo mwachangu, matenthedwe akulu amakula mwachangu kudutsa makoma okhuthala a crucible. Zida zokhala ndi machulukidwe amafuta ochepa komanso kutenthetsa kwambiri, monga ma graphite apadera ndi ma silicon carbide composites, amapambana pogwira matenthedwe othamanga, pomwe zoumba za ceramic za monolithic oxide zimafunikira kusamala, kuwongolera pang'onopang'ono{8}}zitsanzo za kutentha kuti zisawonongeke kutentha.

Kugwirizana kwa Chemical ndi Reactivity

Pakutentha kokwezeka, ma chemical thermodynamics amalamula kuti maatomu ayambe kugwira ntchito modabwitsa, ndikuwonjezera kuthekera komanso kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika pakati pa chitsulo chosungunuka ndi khoma lamkati la crucible. Chitsulo chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala chimatha kutulutsa zinyalala zosafunika mwachindunji mu sungunuka, kusintha kwambiri chemistry ya alloy ndikuwononga magetsi kapena makina, pomwe kusungunuka koopsa kumatha kuwononga, kusungunula, kapena kuwononga makoma a chotengeracho, zomwe zimatsogolera kulephera kwadongosolo. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa kuyanjana kwamankhwala ndikofunikira. Zosungunuka za asidi, monga silika-magalasi olemera ndi masilagi a acidic, zimafuna zinthu zokhala ndi acidic kapena zosalowerera ndale monga quartz yosakanikirana kapena aluminiyamu yoyera{4}yapamwamba kwambiri, pamene ma fluxes amphamvu, zitsulo zamchere zamchere, ndi aloyi azitsulo amafunikira zinthu zosasunthika monga magnesia kapena zirconia yokhazikika. Kusankha crucible inert imatsimikizira kuyeretsedwa kwa mankhwala a chinthu chomaliza cholimba komanso moyo wautali wogwira ntchito wa chotengera chokhacho.

3. Zida Zazikulu Zazikulu Zazikulu ndi Ntchito Zawo

Ma graphite ndi Carbon-Ma Crucibles Otengera

Ma graphite ndi carbon-opangidwa ndi silicon carbide composites amaimira ena mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso zotsika mtengo-zosankha zabwino kwambiri pazantchito, zosakhala-zopangira zitsulo, ndi malo osungunula. Graphite imapereka matenthedwe apamwamba kwambiri, kulola kutentha kwa ng'anjo kusamutsidwa mwachangu komanso mofanana mpaka pamtengo wolimba, womwe umachepetsa kwambiri nthawi yosungunuka ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, ma graphite ali ndi mphamvu zamakina apamwamba kwambiri pamatenthedwe okwera komanso kukana kwapadera ndi kugwedezeka kwamafuta, zomwe zimawalola kuti azitha kupirira movutikira. Chiboliboli cha graphite ndichabwino kwambiri-choyenera kusungunula mkuwa{7}opangidwa ndi aloyi, mkuwa, mkuwa, aluminiyamu, ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, chifukwa elemental carbon ndi yochepetsera kwambiri ndipo imatulutsa okosijeni mumlengalenga pakatentha kwambiri, ma crucibles amenewa amakutidwa ndi magalasi apadera oteteza -oxidation kunja kwa magalasi kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mlengalenga, m'zipinda za vacuum, kapena ng'anjo zotenthetsera kuti zisawonongeke msanga.

Alumina ndi Oxide Ceramic Crucibles

Pamene -kusungunuka koyera kumafunika kwambiri-monga pokonza faifi tambala{2}}yopangidwa ndi ma superalloy, zoumba zamagetsi zapamwamba, zida za nyukiliya, kapena zitsanzo zapamwamba{3}}zowunika za labotale{4}oxidice ceramic crucibles ndiye mulingo wosatsutsika wamakampani. -Mapangidwe apamwamba a aluminiyamu (aluminiyamu okusayidi) amapatsa mphamvu modabwitsa, mphamvu yamagetsi yotchinjiriza kwambiri, komanso kukana okosijeni mpaka pafupifupi 1800 digiri Celsius. Pokhala ndi mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri ophatikiza ma slags, zitsulo zosungunuka, kapena mchere wonyezimira, magnesia (magnesium oxide) kapena yttria{9}}mitsuko ya zirconia yokhazikika imayikidwa. {{11}chotenthetsera bwino, chapamwamba-choyera cha alumina crucible chimachititsa kuti chisungunukocho chisasokonezeke pang'ono, ndikuchipangitsa kukhala chokondedwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri ofufuza zinthu, akatswiri a metallurgists, ndi asayansi amene sangathe kulolera kuti afufuze zonyansa zachitsulo{13}zimene zimasungunuka mwatsatanetsatane.

Refractory Metal Crucibles

Pazowonjezera-zotentha kwambiri-zotentha kwambiri zomwe zimapitilira malire a zoumba zakale ndi ma graphite, zitsulo zopangira zitsulo ndizofunikira kwambiri. Zipangizo monga platinamu, molybdenum, tungsten, ndi tantalum zasinthidwa kukhala-zojambula zowoneka bwino za ntchito zapadera zamakampani ndi kafukufuku wapamwamba kwambiri. Miyendo ya platinamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi popanga magalasi owoneka bwino, zida zowunikira matenthedwe, komanso kukonza-zida zowoneka bwino komanso za laser chifukwa chokana kutenthedwa-kutentha kwambiri komanso kuukira kwamankhwala chifukwa chamitundu yambiri yosungunuka. Pakadali pano, ma tungsten ndi molybdenum crucibles ndi ofunikira pakusungunula zitsulo zosakanizika, mafuta a nyukiliya, ndi kukula kwa single-crystal sapphire kapena semiconductor silicon boules, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amafunikira malo apadera osungiramo vacuum kapena mpweya woziziritsa kuti apewe kutentha koopsa ndi koopsa-.

4. Kufananitsa Crucibles ndi Ntchito Zosungunuka Zosungunuka

Zosasungunuka-Zophatikiza Zachitsulo ndi Zitsulo Zamtengo Wapatali

Kapangidwe kake kamene kamapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zina zofunika kwa-zopanga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Mukasungunula golidi, siliva, platinamu, palladium, kapena mkuwa-zochokera kuzitsulo zokhala ndi mkuwa, zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa kwambiri ndi kutayika kwachitsulo chifukwa cha kuyamwa, kutulutsa okosijeni, ndi kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala osafunikira. Dongo-zotengera za graphite kapena silicon carbide zimasankhidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kuti zisungunuke mkuwa, mkuwa, ndi mkuwa wochuluka chifukwa cha kulimba kwake ndi kutenthetsa kwake. Kwa -zowonjezera zazitsulo zoyera zamtengo wapatali komanso malo oyesa kuyesa, -zoyera zoyera kapena zosakaniza za silica ndizovomerezeka. Pochita zinthu zodekha, -zamtengo wapatalizi, crucible iyenera kukhala yosalala,{10}}yopanda mphuno, yonyezimira, yonyezimira kuti tipewe madontho ang'onoang'ono achitsulo chamtengo wapatali chosungunuka kuti asamamatire ku makoma, kuonetsetsa kuti zitsulo zichuluka kwambiri pothira.

Zapamwamba za Ceramics, Glass, ndi Reactive Metals

M'magawo opanga zinthu zapamwamba, monga uinjiniya wamlengalenga, zamagetsi, ndi kupanga magalasi apadera, ntchito zosungunuka zimakumana ndi malo ankhanza kwambiri. Kusungunuka kwa titaniyamu, zirconium, kapena zapamwamba kwambiri-zophatikizika za entropy zimafuna chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe sichingafanane ndi chitsulo chosungunula kuti chipange zinthu zosalimba, zosafunikira za intermetallic. Apa, njira zapadera monga kusungunula kozizira-komwe kumadziwika kuti kusungunuka kwa chigaza) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, pomwe chitsulo chosungunula chamadzi-chimasunga "chigaza" chopyapyala, chowundana cha chitsulo cholimba monga chotchinga chenicheni, kuthetseratu kusanganikirana kwa mankhwala pakati pa khoma. Kuti magalasi asungunuke komanso kukula kwa kristalo, platinamu kapena -zovala zoyera za iridium zimasankhidwa kuti ateteze malo osayenera amitundu, kupangika kwa thobvu, kapena kutulutsa makhemikolo komwe kungawononge mphamvu ya kuwala kwa chinthu chomaliza.

5. Kusamalira, Kusamalira, ndi Kuchita Zabwino Kwambiri

-Njira Zowotchera ndi Annealing

Ngakhale zitsulo zabwino kwambiri, -zokwera mtengo kwambiri zitha kulephera mowopsa ngati zitagwiridwa molakwika kapena kutumizidwa mwachangu. Kuyamwa kwachinyontho ndi mdani wamkulu, wopanda phokoso wa zotengera za ceramic; tinthu tating'ono tating'ono ta m'madzi timene timatsekeredwa mkati mwa timabowo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri timene timapangitsa kuti ng'anjoyo iphwanyike, kusweka, kapena kusweka mwamphamvu mkati mwa ng'anjoyo. Chifukwa chake, malamulo okhwima a -wotenthetsera-nthawi zambiri okhudzana ndi kutentha pang'onopang'ono, koyendetsedwa kwambiri mpaka madigiri 200 Celsius kenako ndikunyowa kosalekeza{7}}ndikofunikira kwambiri musanabweretse zitsulo zilizonse za ceramic kapena zomangika kuti zigwire ntchito. Chisamaliro chofananiracho chiyenera kuchitidwa panthawi yozizirira pofuna kupewa kuthyoka kwa kutentha komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kutentha kwachangu, kutsegula zivundikiro za ng'anjo nthawi isanakwane, kapena kuyika zitsulo zotentha pansi pa konkriti wozizira.

Kuyang'anira, Kuyeretsa, ndi Kusunga Malangizo

Kupititsa patsogolo nthawi yogwira ntchito komanso chitetezo cha-kutentha kwambiri kumafuna kuwongolera mokhazikika. Ogwira ntchito akuyenera kuyang'ana mozama komanso kosawononga-nthawi zonse zisanasungunuke, kuyang'ana mosamalitsa ming'alu ya tsitsi, kupatulira khoma, kukokoloka kwa mankhwala, kapena kuchuluka kwa slag. Ma Crucibles ayenera kutsukidwa ndi makina kapena mankhwala pakati pa zosungunuka kuti achotse zotsalira zomwe zingagwirizane kwambiri ndi milandu yotsatira. Komanso, kusungirako moyenera pamalo owuma, -otetezedwa ndi nyengo ndikofunikira kuti tipewe kuchulukana kwa chinyezi panthawi yopuma. Potsatira mosamalitsa malangizo a kasamalidwewa, malowa amaonetsetsa kuti opareshoni ali otetezeka kwambiri, amateteza kulephera kwa zinthu zamtengo wapatali, ndiponso amawonjezera ndalama zonse-zikugwira bwino ntchito{8}}pakukonza kutentha.

6. Mapeto

Kusankha zinthu zoyenera kuti zizitha kusungunuka-kutentha kwambiri ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri, chanzeru kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri mtundu wa zinthu, chitetezo chamagwiritsidwe ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi, komanso kachulukidwe kazachuma. Kuchokera pamitsuko yakale ya graphite ndi silicon carbide yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga-zambiri zachitsulo kupita ku -zotengera za aluminiyamu zoyera komanso zombo zachitsulo zosawoneka bwino zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zapamwamba komanso kupanga zamlengalenga, mtundu uliwonse wa crucible umabweretsa kusiyanasiyana kwamafuta, makina, ndi makemikolo. Pounika mosamala zinthu monga kutentha kwambiri, kutentha kwa kutentha, kusakanikirana kwa mankhwala ndi chaji yosungunuka, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima asanayambe -kutentha ndi kukonza, akatswiri akhoza kuonetsetsa kuti ali odalirika komanso otetezeka. Pamene sayansi ya mafakitale ndi zipangizo zikupita patsogolo mofulumira, kumvetsetsa kugwirizana pakati pa melt chemistry ndi crucible performance kudzakhalabe luso lothandizira kukonza bwino kutentha kwa -kwapamwamba.